The Late Marron Faculty Member Mark Kleiman

Above all, experts say, the shutdowns undermined the promise that crimes would be promptly punished. The theory that "swift, certain, and fair" consequences deter crimes is credited to the late criminologist Mark Kleiman. The idea is that it’s the speed of repercussions, rather than their severity, that matters most. By putting the justice system on hold for so long, many jurisdictions weakened that effect.