Fukuyama reviews Why Nations Fail

The use of such broad categories and the failure to distinguish between the different components of political “inclusion” greatly diminish the book’s usefulness, because one wants to know how these components individually affect growth, and how they interact with one another. There is for example a large literature comparing the separate impacts of a modern state, rule of law, and democracy on growth, which tends to show that the first two of these factors have a far greater influence on outcomes than democracy. There is in fact a lot of reason to think that expansion of the franchise in a very poor country may actually hurt state performance because it opens the way to clientelism and various forms of corruption. The Indian political system is so inclusive that it can’t begin major infrastructure projects because of all the lawsuits and democratic protest, especially when compared to the extractive Chinese one. Furthermore, as Samuel Huntington pointed out many years ago, expanded political participation may destabilize societies (and thereby hurt growth) if there is a failure of political institutions to develop in tandem. All of the good things in the “inclusive” basket, in other words, don’t necessarily go together, and in some cases may be at odds. You never get much hint of this in Why Nations Fail, however, since the authors seem to argue the more inclusion the better, along any of its axes.

Given their overall framework, the hardest thing for [the authors] to explain is contemporary China. China today according to them is more inclusive than Maoist China, but still far from the standard of inclusion set by the US and Europe, and yet has been the fastest growing large country over the past three decades. The Chinese restrict access to the market, engage in financial repression, fail to secure property rights, have no Western-style rule of law, and are ruled by a non-transparent oligarchy called the Communist Party. How to explain their economic success? Rather than see this as a threat to their model (i.e., more inclusion, more growth) [the authors] pull a slight of hand by arguing that Chinese growth won’t last and that their system will eventually come crashing down (like Rome did, after about 200 years?). I actually agree that China will eventually crash. But even if that happens, a theory of development that can’t really explain the most remarkable growth story of our time is not, it seems to me, much of a theory.